1. Kumpulan Artikel Tentang Merapi
Sumber: Bambang Muryanto and Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, The Jakarta Post, Yogyakarta/Klaten | Archipelago | Fri, March 28 2014, 9:51 AM
Mt. Merapi spews volcanic
The increased activity was short-lived, lasting only four minutes from 01:12 p.m. to 01:16 p.m. The alert status of one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes remained unchanged on Thursday.
“The flurry of seismic activity was merely caused by the release of volcanic gas from Mt. Merapi, which keeps lots of gas,” head of the Geological Disaster Technology Development and Research Center (BPPTKG) Yogyakarta, Subandriyo, said.
He added that the phenomenon could have been triggered by Monday’s deep earthquake that occurred around 4 kilometers from the peak of Mt. Merapi and might have shifted the magma inside the volcano.
Subandriyo went on to say that thundering sounds coming from Mt. Merapi on Thursday could be heard within a 7-km radius from the volcano’s peak. Ash and gravel rained down on the southern and southeastern slopes.
“We have yet to find out the height of the volcanic gas plume as clouds shrouded the volcano and limited our visibility,” Subandriyo went on.
He said that after the devastating 2010 eruptions, Mt. Merapi had often showed increased volcanic
activity. Yet, he said, that did not indicate the volcano was going to erupt anytime soon.
“The gravel was leftover from the 2010 eruptions,” Subandriyo added.
He stressed that the volcano was still safe for hikers, but he warned climbers not summit the crater. People are allowed to go as far as the Pasar Bubrah area, some 200 meters from the peak of the volcano.
Meanwhile, National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho called on residents living on the slopes of Merapi to remain calm despite the increased activity.
Head of Klaten Regency Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD) logistics section, Subarko Utomo, said that his agency had distributed 8,000 dust masks to affected residents in Klaten, Central Java.
Rapid response teams, he said, had also been deployed to the areas. “I had the chance to meet with the people in the affected areas. They had gone to safer ground when we arrived,” Subarko said.
Sukiman, coordinator of Pasak Merapi radio community, said that residents had panicked and immediately headed to safer areas after hearing the thundering noises and feeling the shaking ground.
He said the people returned to their homes not long after the volcanic gas was detected, although the volcanic ash and gravel was still coming down.
Separately in Semarang, thousands of volunteers comprising military and police personnel, scouts, paramedics and Search and Rescue (SAR) team members attended a simulation to get themselves prepared should Mt. Slamet have a major eruption.
“These days, it [the volcano] erupts between one to five times a day, spewing volcanic ash. If something bad happens, we, rescuers, have to be ready to assist the affected residents,” Budiman, one of the volunteers, said.
2. Sumber Kompas.com
(Ketua tim penulis: Ahmad Arif. Tim penulis: Indira Permansari, Aryo Wisanggeni Genthong, Aloysius B Kurniawan, Agung setyahadi, Lucky Pransiska. Litbang: Slamet J Prihatin. Grafis: Gunawan) Kompas Selasa, 13 Maret 2012 | 14:55 WIB
KOMPAS.com - Letusan Gunung Merapi paling dahsyat yang tercatat dalam sejarah modern terjadi pada 15-20 April 1872. Letusan mematikan itu berlangsung selama 120 jam tanpa jeda. Awan panas dan material jatuhan memusnahkan seluruh permukiman yang berada di ketinggian di atas 1.000 mdpl.
Letusan sangat mendadak dengan lava kental, tekanan gas sedang, dan dapur magma yang dangkal seperti letusan Gunung St Vincent di Kepulauan Antilles Kecil, Karibia, itu dicatat oleh Kemmerling (1921) dan Hartmann (1934) yang menjadi rujukan penelitian B Voight dkk (2000) dalam Historical Eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998.
Letusan pertama pada 15 April 1872 tidak diawali gejala peningkatan aktivitas. Letusan berlangsung selama lima hari dan menghancurkan kubah lava yang tumbuh pada 1867-1871. Pada Agustus 1871, kubah lava setinggi 250 meter tumbuh di atas Pasarbubar, kawah Merapi Tua. Puncak kubah lava itu 2.890 mdpl dan terus tumbuh hingga 2.907 mdpl.
"Suara letusan seperti suara meriam terdengar sampai Karawang dan Priangan di barat, serta ke timur hingga Madura dan Pulau Bawean," tulis Hartmann.
Letusan dahsyat itu membentuk kawah oval 640 x 480 meter dengan kedalaman mencapai 500 meter. Merapi terpotong bagian puncaknya hingga ketinggiannya hanya 2.814 mdpl.
Merapi kembali meletus dahsyat pada 2010, diawali pembongkaran sumbat lava dan terus terjadi letusan tanpa membentuk kubah lava. Gempa bumi terus-menerus terjadi menjelang letusan besar pada 3 dan 5 November, lebih dahsyat dibandingkan dengan letusan pada 26 Oktober karena menciptakan awan panas yang meluncur hingga 15 kilometer melalui Kali Gendol. Material yang dimuntahkan mencapai 150 juta meter kubik.
Berdasarkan data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (30/11/2010), 61.154 orang mengungsi, 341 orang tewas, dan 368 orang harus rawat inap. Amukan awan panas dan material jatuhan menyebabkan 3.307 bangunan rumah, sekolah, puskesmas, dan pasar rusak. Nilai kerugian mencapai Rp 4,23 triliun.
"Kita tidak tahu apakah letusan 2010 merupakan akhir dari letusan besar yang dimulai dari tahun 2006 atau justru awal dari letusan yang lebih besar," ujar Subandriyo, Kepala Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian Yogyakarta.
Andreastuti, peneliti pada Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, dalam penelitiannya pada 1999 menemukan jejak letusan besar yang dikategorikan sub-plinian di Selo, sisi utara Merapi. Letusan besar dengan kolom letusan mencapai 10 kilometer itu terjadi pada kisaran tahun 765-911 Masehi. Jejak letusan besar itu menghasilkan tepra atau endapan fragmen batu apung di Selo.
Letusan-letusan besar Merapi juga pernah terjadi pada tahun 1822-1823. Letusan ini diawali dengan penghancuran kubah lava dan membentuk kawah berdiameter 600 meter dengan bukaan ke arah Kali Apu, Blongkeng, dan Woro. Luncuran awan panas itu mengubur delapan desa. ”Gunung diselimuti oleh aliran api,” tulis Kemmerling.
Antara tahun 1832 dan 1836, Merapi kembali meletus besar. Letusan pada tengah malam 25 Desember 1832 itu terjadi tiba-tiba. Aktivitas vulkanik berlangsung hingga pukul 18.35.
Erupsi Merapi pada 1930 menimbulkan awan panas yang meluncur hingga 20 kilometer ke arah barat, mengubur 13 desa, merusak 23 desa, dan menewaskan 1.369 penduduk. Setelah tenang selama dua tahun, Merapi kembali aktif mulai 19 Maret 1961. Aliran lava pada bulan Juni diperkirakan mencapai 200.000 meter kubik per hari. Kubah lava tinggal 10 persen setelah terbongkar dan menciptakan 119 luncuran awan panas. Material erupsi diperkirakan mencapai 42 juta meter kubik.
Turgo dan Kaliurang menjadi korban luncuran awan panas akibat guguran kubah lava pada 1994. Korban tewas tercatat 64 jiwa.
3. Sumber Merapi Volcano - John Seach
Sumber: Bambang Muryanto and Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, The Jakarta Post, Yogyakarta/Klaten | Archipelago | Fri, March 28 2014, 9:51 AM
Mt. Merapi spews volcanic
gas, residents keep eye
on Mt. Slamet
Mount Merapi, located on the border of Yogyakarta and Central
Java provinces, showed increased activity on Thursday as it emitted
volcanic gas, rumbled, generated minor earthquakes and sprayed ash and
gravel.
The increased activity was short-lived, lasting only four minutes from 01:12 p.m. to 01:16 p.m. The alert status of one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes remained unchanged on Thursday.
“The flurry of seismic activity was merely caused by the release of volcanic gas from Mt. Merapi, which keeps lots of gas,” head of the Geological Disaster Technology Development and Research Center (BPPTKG) Yogyakarta, Subandriyo, said.
He added that the phenomenon could have been triggered by Monday’s deep earthquake that occurred around 4 kilometers from the peak of Mt. Merapi and might have shifted the magma inside the volcano.
Subandriyo went on to say that thundering sounds coming from Mt. Merapi on Thursday could be heard within a 7-km radius from the volcano’s peak. Ash and gravel rained down on the southern and southeastern slopes.
“We have yet to find out the height of the volcanic gas plume as clouds shrouded the volcano and limited our visibility,” Subandriyo went on.
He said that after the devastating 2010 eruptions, Mt. Merapi had often showed increased volcanic
activity. Yet, he said, that did not indicate the volcano was going to erupt anytime soon.
“The gravel was leftover from the 2010 eruptions,” Subandriyo added.
He stressed that the volcano was still safe for hikers, but he warned climbers not summit the crater. People are allowed to go as far as the Pasar Bubrah area, some 200 meters from the peak of the volcano.
Meanwhile, National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho called on residents living on the slopes of Merapi to remain calm despite the increased activity.
Head of Klaten Regency Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD) logistics section, Subarko Utomo, said that his agency had distributed 8,000 dust masks to affected residents in Klaten, Central Java.
Rapid response teams, he said, had also been deployed to the areas. “I had the chance to meet with the people in the affected areas. They had gone to safer ground when we arrived,” Subarko said.
Sukiman, coordinator of Pasak Merapi radio community, said that residents had panicked and immediately headed to safer areas after hearing the thundering noises and feeling the shaking ground.
He said the people returned to their homes not long after the volcanic gas was detected, although the volcanic ash and gravel was still coming down.
Separately in Semarang, thousands of volunteers comprising military and police personnel, scouts, paramedics and Search and Rescue (SAR) team members attended a simulation to get themselves prepared should Mt. Slamet have a major eruption.
“These days, it [the volcano] erupts between one to five times a day, spewing volcanic ash. If something bad happens, we, rescuers, have to be ready to assist the affected residents,” Budiman, one of the volunteers, said.
2. Sumber Kompas.com
(Ketua tim penulis: Ahmad Arif. Tim penulis: Indira Permansari, Aryo Wisanggeni Genthong, Aloysius B Kurniawan, Agung setyahadi, Lucky Pransiska. Litbang: Slamet J Prihatin. Grafis: Gunawan) Kompas Selasa, 13 Maret 2012 | 14:55 WIB
KOMPAS.com - Letusan Gunung Merapi paling dahsyat yang tercatat dalam sejarah modern terjadi pada 15-20 April 1872. Letusan mematikan itu berlangsung selama 120 jam tanpa jeda. Awan panas dan material jatuhan memusnahkan seluruh permukiman yang berada di ketinggian di atas 1.000 mdpl.
Letusan sangat mendadak dengan lava kental, tekanan gas sedang, dan dapur magma yang dangkal seperti letusan Gunung St Vincent di Kepulauan Antilles Kecil, Karibia, itu dicatat oleh Kemmerling (1921) dan Hartmann (1934) yang menjadi rujukan penelitian B Voight dkk (2000) dalam Historical Eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998.
Letusan pertama pada 15 April 1872 tidak diawali gejala peningkatan aktivitas. Letusan berlangsung selama lima hari dan menghancurkan kubah lava yang tumbuh pada 1867-1871. Pada Agustus 1871, kubah lava setinggi 250 meter tumbuh di atas Pasarbubar, kawah Merapi Tua. Puncak kubah lava itu 2.890 mdpl dan terus tumbuh hingga 2.907 mdpl.
"Suara letusan seperti suara meriam terdengar sampai Karawang dan Priangan di barat, serta ke timur hingga Madura dan Pulau Bawean," tulis Hartmann.
Letusan dahsyat itu membentuk kawah oval 640 x 480 meter dengan kedalaman mencapai 500 meter. Merapi terpotong bagian puncaknya hingga ketinggiannya hanya 2.814 mdpl.
Merapi kembali meletus dahsyat pada 2010, diawali pembongkaran sumbat lava dan terus terjadi letusan tanpa membentuk kubah lava. Gempa bumi terus-menerus terjadi menjelang letusan besar pada 3 dan 5 November, lebih dahsyat dibandingkan dengan letusan pada 26 Oktober karena menciptakan awan panas yang meluncur hingga 15 kilometer melalui Kali Gendol. Material yang dimuntahkan mencapai 150 juta meter kubik.
Berdasarkan data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (30/11/2010), 61.154 orang mengungsi, 341 orang tewas, dan 368 orang harus rawat inap. Amukan awan panas dan material jatuhan menyebabkan 3.307 bangunan rumah, sekolah, puskesmas, dan pasar rusak. Nilai kerugian mencapai Rp 4,23 triliun.
"Kita tidak tahu apakah letusan 2010 merupakan akhir dari letusan besar yang dimulai dari tahun 2006 atau justru awal dari letusan yang lebih besar," ujar Subandriyo, Kepala Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian Yogyakarta.
Andreastuti, peneliti pada Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, dalam penelitiannya pada 1999 menemukan jejak letusan besar yang dikategorikan sub-plinian di Selo, sisi utara Merapi. Letusan besar dengan kolom letusan mencapai 10 kilometer itu terjadi pada kisaran tahun 765-911 Masehi. Jejak letusan besar itu menghasilkan tepra atau endapan fragmen batu apung di Selo.
Letusan-letusan besar Merapi juga pernah terjadi pada tahun 1822-1823. Letusan ini diawali dengan penghancuran kubah lava dan membentuk kawah berdiameter 600 meter dengan bukaan ke arah Kali Apu, Blongkeng, dan Woro. Luncuran awan panas itu mengubur delapan desa. ”Gunung diselimuti oleh aliran api,” tulis Kemmerling.
Antara tahun 1832 dan 1836, Merapi kembali meletus besar. Letusan pada tengah malam 25 Desember 1832 itu terjadi tiba-tiba. Aktivitas vulkanik berlangsung hingga pukul 18.35.
Erupsi Merapi pada 1930 menimbulkan awan panas yang meluncur hingga 20 kilometer ke arah barat, mengubur 13 desa, merusak 23 desa, dan menewaskan 1.369 penduduk. Setelah tenang selama dua tahun, Merapi kembali aktif mulai 19 Maret 1961. Aliran lava pada bulan Juni diperkirakan mencapai 200.000 meter kubik per hari. Kubah lava tinggal 10 persen setelah terbongkar dan menciptakan 119 luncuran awan panas. Material erupsi diperkirakan mencapai 42 juta meter kubik.
Turgo dan Kaliurang menjadi korban luncuran awan panas akibat guguran kubah lava pada 1994. Korban tewas tercatat 64 jiwa.
3. Sumber Merapi Volcano - John Seach
Most eruptions of Merapi involve a
collapse of the lava dome creating pyroclastic flows which travel 6 to 7 km
from the summit. Some awan panas have traveled as far as 13 km from the summit,
such as the deposit generated during the 1969 eruption. Velocity of pyroclastic
flows can reach up to 110 km/hour. A slow up flow of andesitic magma leads to
an extrusion of viscous magma, which accumulate and construct a dome in the
crater.
Violent Eruptions at Merapi volcano
There is evidence that the current low level of activity may be interrupted by larger explosive eruptions. Eruptions of Merapi volcano during the 7–19th centuries A.D. were more violent than the past hundred years, and produced explosion pyroclastic flows. Widespread pyroclastic flows and surges traveled up to 25 km down the flanks of Merapi.
There is evidence that the current low level of activity may be interrupted by larger explosive eruptions. Eruptions of Merapi volcano during the 7–19th centuries A.D. were more violent than the past hundred years, and produced explosion pyroclastic flows. Widespread pyroclastic flows and surges traveled up to 25 km down the flanks of Merapi.
Scientists predict that the quiet of
the 20th century will be broken by a larger
explosive eruption within coming decades. (Scientific report published in 2000). This was proved true with the large 2010-211 eruptions.
explosive eruption within coming decades. (Scientific report published in 2000). This was proved true with the large 2010-211 eruptions.
2012 Activity
A small emission of ash occurred at Merapi volcano, Indonesia on 15th July 2012. The small eruption was not followed by other signs of unrest and the alert status remained unchanged. The eruption was caused by a small collapse of the lava dome which remains unstable after the 2010-11 eruptions. Ash emission reached a height of 1 km above the crater, and ashfall occurred at Jurang Jero and Srumbung.
A small emission of ash occurred at Merapi volcano, Indonesia on 15th July 2012. The small eruption was not followed by other signs of unrest and the alert status remained unchanged. The eruption was caused by a small collapse of the lava dome which remains unstable after the 2010-11 eruptions. Ash emission reached a height of 1 km above the crater, and ashfall occurred at Jurang Jero and Srumbung.
2010-11 Eruption
The eruption of Merapi volcano in 2010was a one in 100 year event. Merapi volcano began erupting on 26th October 2010. The eruption was the was the largest at the volcano in 100 years. Ash emissions reached an altitude of 40,000 ft, and 370,000 people were evacuated from a 20 km radius danger zone. Over 190 people were killed by pyroclastic flows and ashfall.
The eruption of Merapi volcano in 2010was a one in 100 year event. Merapi volcano began erupting on 26th October 2010. The eruption was the was the largest at the volcano in 100 years. Ash emissions reached an altitude of 40,000 ft, and 370,000 people were evacuated from a 20 km radius danger zone. Over 190 people were killed by pyroclastic flows and ashfall.
2006 Eruptions
Seismic activity began increasing at Merapi volcano in March 2006, and 10,000 residents were prepared for evacuation. On 10th April people were banned from climbing the volcano. On 12th April the Alert Level was raided from 2 to 3. An 8 km exclusion zone was placed around the volcano. On 27th April nearly 2,000 villagers were evacuated from Sidorejo and Tegalmulyo villages around Merapi volcano. On 13th May, the Alert Level was raised to the highest level 4, and about 4,500 people living near the volcano were evacuated. On 15th May pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4 km west. By 16th May, more than 22,000 people had been evacuated. On 8th June, the lava-dome growth rate at Merapi was an estimated 100,000 cubic meters per day, with an estimated volume of 4 million cubic meters. Pyroclastic flows and rockfalls decreased in frequency and intensity after 28th June 2006.
Seismic activity began increasing at Merapi volcano in March 2006, and 10,000 residents were prepared for evacuation. On 10th April people were banned from climbing the volcano. On 12th April the Alert Level was raided from 2 to 3. An 8 km exclusion zone was placed around the volcano. On 27th April nearly 2,000 villagers were evacuated from Sidorejo and Tegalmulyo villages around Merapi volcano. On 13th May, the Alert Level was raised to the highest level 4, and about 4,500 people living near the volcano were evacuated. On 15th May pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4 km west. By 16th May, more than 22,000 people had been evacuated. On 8th June, the lava-dome growth rate at Merapi was an estimated 100,000 cubic meters per day, with an estimated volume of 4 million cubic meters. Pyroclastic flows and rockfalls decreased in frequency and intensity after 28th June 2006.
2006 Earthquakes
On 27th May 2006 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake killed about 5,400 people produced in a three-fold increase in activity at Merapi volcano. On 17th July 2006 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake hit 50 km south of Merapi volcano. The earthquake was the result of thrust-faulting on the boundary between the Australian and Sunda tectonic plates. The earthquake produced an 8 m high tsunami which hit the southern coast of Java. This event was classified as a tsunami earthquake, because of the low earthquake magnitude compared to the tsunami size. The earthquake caused 5,750 deaths, 38,560 injuries, and up to 600,000 people displaced in the Bantul-Yogyakarta area.
On 27th May 2006 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake killed about 5,400 people produced in a three-fold increase in activity at Merapi volcano. On 17th July 2006 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake hit 50 km south of Merapi volcano. The earthquake was the result of thrust-faulting on the boundary between the Australian and Sunda tectonic plates. The earthquake produced an 8 m high tsunami which hit the southern coast of Java. This event was classified as a tsunami earthquake, because of the low earthquake magnitude compared to the tsunami size. The earthquake caused 5,750 deaths, 38,560 injuries, and up to 600,000 people displaced in the Bantul-Yogyakarta area.
2001 Eruption
A major eruption began at Merapi volcano on 10th February 2001. A 30-minute-long pyroclastic flow occurred at 0200 hr. At 0330 hr there was a collapse of the 1998 lava dome which ejected ash 5 km above the summit and produced a pyroclastic flows that extended 7 km in the direction of the Sat River.
A major eruption began at Merapi volcano on 10th February 2001. A 30-minute-long pyroclastic flow occurred at 0200 hr. At 0330 hr there was a collapse of the 1998 lava dome which ejected ash 5 km above the summit and produced a pyroclastic flows that extended 7 km in the direction of the Sat River.
1998 Eruptions
Activity at Merapi volcano began increasing in July 1998. On 11th July 37 nuées ardentes occurred between midnight and 0500 hr. Between 11-19 July, 128 nuées ardentes occurred, including a strong pyroclastic ash and block flow at 1500 on 19th July.
Activity at Merapi volcano began increasing in July 1998. On 11th July 37 nuées ardentes occurred between midnight and 0500 hr. Between 11-19 July, 128 nuées ardentes occurred, including a strong pyroclastic ash and block flow at 1500 on 19th July.
1994 Eruptions
On 22nd November 1994, a large number of dome-collapse nuees ardentes were generated over a period of several hours at Merapi volcano. The nuees ardentes descended mainly the Boyong valley and the Bedog valley, a tributary of the Krasak-Kecil valley. This was in contrast to the 1984 and 1992 flows which traveled exclusively towards the southwest and west.
On 22nd November 1994, a large number of dome-collapse nuees ardentes were generated over a period of several hours at Merapi volcano. The nuees ardentes descended mainly the Boyong valley and the Bedog valley, a tributary of the Krasak-Kecil valley. This was in contrast to the 1984 and 1992 flows which traveled exclusively towards the southwest and west.
1986-87 Eruptions
Lava dome formation at Merapi volcano in 1986-87 was the largest since 1973.
Lava dome formation at Merapi volcano in 1986-87 was the largest since 1973.
1984 Eruption
On 15th June 1984 explosions at the lava dome produced pyroclastic flows which extended 7 km from the volcano, and ashfall 80 km NW.
On 15th June 1984 explosions at the lava dome produced pyroclastic flows which extended 7 km from the volcano, and ashfall 80 km NW.
1968 Eruptions
At the end of May 1968 a lava tongue had extended 875 m and was the result of new lava done extrusion after the 1967 collapse. The number of avalanches from the lava tongue were 1432 in June, 1370 July, 329 August, and 12 in September. Renewed activity began at Merapi volcano in October 1968 with an increasing number of lava avalanches.
At the end of May 1968 a lava tongue had extended 875 m and was the result of new lava done extrusion after the 1967 collapse. The number of avalanches from the lava tongue were 1432 in June, 1370 July, 329 August, and 12 in September. Renewed activity began at Merapi volcano in October 1968 with an increasing number of lava avalanches.
1967 Eruptions
A lava dome extruded in April 1967 at the upper Batang River on the SW slope of Merapi volcano. The dome collapsed in October 1967.
A lava dome extruded in April 1967 at the upper Batang River on the SW slope of Merapi volcano. The dome collapsed in October 1967.
1822 Lahar
A hot lahar at Merapi volcano on 28th December 1822 destroyed 4 villages with 100 casualties.
A hot lahar at Merapi volcano on 28th December 1822 destroyed 4 villages with 100 casualties.
Merapi Volcano Eruptions
2012, 2010-11, 2007, 2006, 2001-02, 1992-98, 1972-90, 1971, 1967-69,
1961, 1953-58, 1948-49, 1944-45, 1942-43, 1939-40, 1933-35, 1930-31, 1924,
1923, 1922, 1920-21, 1918, 1915, 1909-13, 1908, 1906-07, 1905, 1902-04, 1902,
1897, 1894, 1893, 1891, 1889, 1888, ?1885, 1883-84, 1878-79, 1872-73, 1872,
1869, 1865-67, 1862-64, ?1854, 1849, ?1848, 1846-47, 1846, 1840, 1837-38,
1832-35, 1828, 1822-23, 1820-22, 1812-13, 1810, 1807, 1797, 1786, 1755, 1752,
1745, 1678, 1677, 1672, 1663, 1658, 1587, 1584, 1560, 1554, 1548, 7630
BC. 
